Binding material for the mineral aggregates of pavements and in the method of using the same



Patented Feb, 23, 1932 NITED STATES PATENT OFFICE WNALD MCK. H'EPBURN, F PHILADELPHIA, SAMUEL S. SADTLER, OF SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, AND EUGENE F. CAYO, OF QBHILADELPIIIA, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNORS T0 AMIESITE ASPHALT COMPANY OF AMERICA, 0]? CAMDEN, NEW JERSEY, A CORPORATION OF NEW JERSEY BINDING" MATERIAL FOR THE MINERAL AGGREGA'I'ES OF PAVEMENTS AND IN THE METHOD OF USING THE SAME 1W0 Drawing.

Pavements comprising a mineral aggregate bound together with asphalt, either native or artificially produced from oils having asphaL tic bases, are generally regarded as being of a highly desirable type of pavement Wherever the expense of placement is warranted by the amount of trafficthereover. The cost of maintaining an asphalt bound pavement is con siderably below that of keeping in repair a sand, gravel or ma'cadam road on which the traffic is three hundred cars per day or more.

If the cost of laying a road, using an asphalt-like binder, is substantially reduced, the number of secondary roads that will be paved therewith is large.

It is one of the objects of this invention to provide such a kind of binder, and a method of compounding the same, by converting a cheap fuel oil, such as Bunker C Gulf Oil, fSun Bunker Fuel Oil, or similar oils, into an asphalt-like material having those physical properties and characteristics which render natural asphalts so desirable for the purpose of binding pavement aggregate, and to coat aggregate therewith, producing thereby a paving material at a very low cost.

Heretofore thick viscous oils have been sprinkled over the surfaces ofmacadam and gravel roads to lay the dust but the binding property of such oils is very slight,.and their tackiness causes the stones and sand on such surfaces of the roads to stick to the wheels of vehicles and separate from the roadway.

cohesive and adhesive to the aggregate than" are the asphalts commonly used in making pavements, and having a penetration on aDoW penetrometer substantially higher than that Application filed November 13, 1929. Serial No.- 406,986.

of the asphalts usually employed in the making of such pavements.

We have discovered that when the cheap and common fuel oils, such as Bunker 0 Gulf Oil, Sun Bunker Oil, or Sludge ()il or the oily residues from petroleum distilling processes, (which have, or may readily be provided with an asphaltic content of from about to 75% or more and preferably of from to are heated to a temperature of substantially 460 F. or thereabouts, for from 25 to 30 minutes or longer, with agitation, in the presence of from 2% to 7% of sulphur and of aluminum oleate or stearate, or other metallic salt of a fatty acid, in small quantities, such as from 25% to 1.% based on the weight of the oil, and are thereafter cooled to atmospheric temperatures, they form stable substances having properties which greatl resemble those of the natural or other asp alts ordinarily used in road making, exce t that said substances are more viscous, uctile, penetrating, water resistant, cohesive and adhesive than the said asphalts usually employed. These substances so made, when heated to temperatures of from 250 F. to 300 F. are very mobile or fluid, are easy to work in a mixing apparatus when aggregate of stone, slag, or sand is admixed therewith, andreadily completely cover and adhere to the surfaces of the individual pieces of aggregate. The aggregate so covered with this treated fuel oil, is an aggregate coated with a bituminous binder, of which, when cold, the contiguous'pieces of aggregate do not where strongly in the absence of compaction, so that the mass is easily shoveled, raked and evened, in placing the same on a roadway, and which, when com-.

A further object of this invention is to 'provide a paving substantially like a natural asphaltum bound aggregate pavement, at low cost, which will warrant the paving therewith of roads other than main highways or roads connecting large towns, and which roads are now commonly termed secondar upon which present trafiic would not warrant a more expensive cement or natural asphalt bound pavement.

A further object of this invention is to produce a paving material which is preferably cold laid, and which may consequently be mixed, either hot or cold, at a plant remote from paving operation and shipped thereto cold, or which may be stored, without incurring a cohesion of the contiguous pieces, or an agglomeration of the mass before compaction onthe roadway.

A further object of this invention is to provide an asphalt-like paving material which is well adapted for use in the making of penetration pavements, that is to say, which may be spread, sprinkled, or otherwise flowed over a course of uncoated a gregate on a roadbed to coat the pieces 0% aggre ate at the surface of the roadway, and

- to 11 the voids between contiguous pieces of aggregate therewith, to seal the upper surface of the course and to prevent a seepage of water therethrough from the upper surface to the foundation.

A further object is to provide a process for making a coated aggregate, which may be laid cold on the roadway, and in which the time required for the mixing and coating of this aggregate is substantially lessened by using heated aggregate, and without resulting in solidifying the mixture of coated aggregate.

A further object of this invention is to provide a material which may be mixed at the plant and shipped'in drums or other suitable containers to the paving operation or to quarries, to sand and gravel pits and the like, there to be heated, converted into an asphalt-like binder and applied to the aggreate.

A further object of this invention is to provide a concentrate or basic mixture which may be compounded at a central plant and shipped to quarries, sand pits or road building operations, and there diluted or mixed with ordinary fuel or similar oils which may be procured near such locations, and then heated to the relatively high temperature of 460 F. to form an asphalt-like binding material to be applied to hot aggregate forthwith, thereby enabling the recipient or consignee to make for himself the binding material for his mineral aggregate and to mix it with his aggregate and to save haulage charges on the major portion of the fuel oil used in making the finished coating material.

Further objects of this invention will appear in the specification and claims below.

In the practice of the process forming this invention an oil of practically the cheapest kind and from which substantially all the more volatile oils have been removed, or even some crude oils which are not the residue of the processes of distillation of petroleum oils,

but containing a substantial asphalt content forms the main ingredient, or that ingredient of which the largest quantity is used, in compounding the binding material for ag egate herein disclosed. As above stated, unker O Gulf Oil or Sun Bunker Fuel Oil or Sludge Oil or road oil or fuel oil or crude v oil may be used. For brevity these oils will hereafter be referred to as fuel oils in the absence of other qualifications.

It is also' desirable that such fuel oils have a high percentage of unsaturated hydro-carbons as measured by the iodine value, which should be 40 or higher, and that the specific gravity of such oils be .95 or higher. The asphalt content may be from- 10% to 60% or more, and if it be less than a desired percentage in the fuel oil to be used enou h asphalt is dissolved therein to increase t e asphaltic content up to any point desired, it being apparent that it is a purpose of this invention to use as much of the cheaper ingredient (fuel oil) as possible in making a pave-- ment for a known locality where weather or climate, the amount and klnd of traflic, and

other factors, are known and control the properties that the-binder must have in th finished pavement.

To a fuel oil having, for instance, a'40% such, for example, as aluminum oleate or aluminum stearate. These ingredients are thoroughly mixed together, preferably at a temperature of about 122 F. or lower, and then the temperature of the mixture is raised to substantially 460 F. and the mixture is held at that temperature for substantially an hour. To do'thi's a portion of the fuel oil is preferably heated first to 220 F. and is used into which to work the aluminum oleate to form' a smooth mixture by stirring and rubbing until the oleate or similar salt is thoroughly dispersed through the oil. This mixture is then added to the balance of the oil and stirred into it. Preferably the temperature of the oil to which this mixture is added is about 122 F. or lower. The sulphur is added with stirring until a smooth IIllX- ture is produced, and thereafter the temperature of the resulting composition is raised to460 F. and held at said temperature for sufficient time to produce the desired change (usually for about hour).

If this mixture, so treated, is now allowed to cool, the resulting product somewhat resembles the native asphalts used in the making of asphaltum bound aggregate for pavement purposes. It is a stable, plastic, bituminous material, black in color, but it will have a penetration of from approximately 300 to 500 at a temperature of 77 F. It is freely lid tld

fluid at a temperature of from 200 F. to 250 F.

But in the practice of this invention it is not necessary to permit the mixture to cool down to atmospheric temperatures, for in its heated and melted state it is ready at a temperature of 250 F. or higher to be applied to the aggregate.

To substantially one ton of a dry clean aggregate of broken stone, sand, cinders, slag or other suitable material heated to a temperature of from 250 F. to 300 F. in a mixer or pug mill, the fuel oil, treated as above described, and at approximately the temperature of the aggregate, is added and thoroughly mixed with the aggregate. The quantity of this oily material is preferably from about 5% to 7% ofthe weight of the aggregate but this proportion will vary considerably with the size of the aggregate. The smaller the aggregate the more of the coating material will be required.

Shortly prior to the end of the mixing operation (less than five minutes is usually required to coat the aggregate) a small quantity of powdered-limestone (preferably about of 1% of the weight of the aggregate) is added, and with it or shortly afterward is preferably added a small quantity of sand or fines (from 5% to 10% of the weight of the aggregate) to effect a thicker coating of the needed for road making operations. In storage or during transportation the'mass will not agglomerate upon cooling into a solid mass. It will remain a loose mass of tacky coated stones, easily shoveled, and when placed on the roadway, easily raked, spread and evened, after which it is compacted cold with a heavy roller;

When desired, a surface sealing coat of like material may be flowed over the surface of a compacted roadway and sprinkled with sand or fines.

When so applied to hot aggregate the length of time required for the treatment of a batch of aggregate is very short, about one minute. It is not necessary to the process v that the aggregate be heated. It may be unheated and at atmospheric temperature. With unheated aggregate, a little longer time is necessary to complete thecoating, and a liquefier, e. g., kerosene may be used to temporarily thin the binding material.

The material above'provided may be used in the construction of other roads than those used by the cold laid method above described.

A gravel or dirt or macadam road may be converted into a road having the characteristics of an asphalt bound aggregate road by sprinkling or otherwise flowing over the stone the fuel oil treated in the manner above described, and heated to fluidity, after which the roadway may be compacted as above described, with a heavy roller, or the gravel or dirt of the roadway may be treated in a mixer to the fuel oil binding material, if necessaryor desirable, like other aggregate.

The invention has also a wider application to the art thus making it particularly adaptable for the preparation of an asphaltic coated aggregate at the quarry or gravel pit or sand pit, by cheap and easily practiced proc esses, for we may mix at the plant a base or concentrate containing the requisite amount of sulphur and the salt of a fatty acid, mixed with a relatively small quantity of fuel oil, so that, for instance, one barrel of this concentrated base contains a sufficient amount of sulphur and the salt of a fatty acid to add to ten or twelve barrels of oil to be treated.

To make such a concentrate, we preferably use, in the following proportions, for making one barrel of 50 gallons capacity:

Fuel oil 100 parts Sulphur 120 parts Aluminum oleate 10 parts or in terms of a barrel Fuel oil 229 lbs.

Sulphur 274 lbs. Aluminum oleate 22. 9 lbs.

This mixture is preferably made in the manner heretofore described, namely, by heating all of the oil to 220 F. taking a portion of this heated oil to form a smooth mixture with the aluminum oleate, adding this to the oil at 220 F. and mixing it until the distribution is complete and then allowing the same to cool down to 122 F. and adding the sulphur until a smooth mixture is produced, all with stirring or agitation.

The mixture so produced is fairly stable, but there may be a slight tendency of the sulphur to settle. Before using the same, there.- fore, the contents of the barrel should be thoroughly agitated. This concentrate or basic mixture may be shipped to the quarry or to a roadway under construction. One barrel of this concentrate is sufficient to mix with from 10 to 12 barrels of a fuel oil which may be available or procurable from a source much nearer the quarry or the place of operation than is the plant where the mixture or concentrate has been compounded. Preferably the fuel oil to be mixed therewith should be the equivalent of the Bunker C Gulf Oil above referred to, which contains about of asphalt, but if the oil, which is readily obtainable does not contain the necessary or desired amount of asphalt, a suflicient amount of asphalt may first be fluxed with the fuel oil, to bring the asphaltic content thereof up to the desired percent-age.

Assuming that the fuel oil obtainable at the quarry or place of laying the pavement contains substantially no asphalt, then to 3940 pounds of heated fuel oil may be added 456 pounds of asphalt and when that has been dissolved, one barrel of concentrate may be added and then the whole mixture is heated up to and maintained at a temperature of 460 F. for about hour, or until the desired consistency is obtained.

This mixture of fuel oil and concentrate, at or about the temperature of the aggregate, is now added to the aggregate, preferably heated to about 250 F., with agitation, until the aggregate iscompletely coated therewith.

In carrying out this process of mixing the binding material with the aggregate, an apparatus into which the aggregate and the binding material are continuously fed, and from which the coated aggregate is continuously discharged, may be employed to advantage, but any other apparatus or even a manual procedure, may be practised without departlng from the aim and scope of this invention.

If, instead of Bunker fuel oils, a crude oil is used in the practice of this invention and process, the actual procedure would not vary.

substantially from that hereinabove described. The crude oil, of course, would contain many or all of the lighter oils, such as have been removed from the fuel oils onthe market by distillation in the processes to which such fuel oils have been previously subjected.

By heating the crude oilgradually up to the relatively high temperature of 460 F., as in the practice of the present process, or

" even higher, and the maintenance of the oil 'at that temperature for a period perhaps longer than half an hour, but in any event sufliciently long to volatilize-those lighter oils,

the oil that would remain in the tank or vessel in which it was so heated would be, for

practical purposes, a fuel oil.

' The use of crude oil also would entail the loss of the valuable light volatile contents of the crude oil unless provision weremade to recover the same; would necessitate great care to prevent the formation of explosive mixtures of air and the vapors driven therefrom;

and would probably necessitate the main-- me-nt thereof with sulphur and fatty salts and do not essentially change the basic character of the process nor of the product. Such use of crude oil, in the manner above indicated, is, therefore, fully within the scope and purview of "the present invention.

The process forming the subject-matter of this invention difi'ers essentially from those heretofore practised using natural and artificially produced asphalts, thinned with a liquefier, in that no asphaltic or bituminous binder having a penetration of 300 or more, would form in the finished pavement a tough, almost solid, though slightly plastic, binding material in said prior processes. Were an asphalt softer than 110 penetration to be used,

the resulting pavement would be correspondingly soft, tacky, yielding and very plastic. To obtain the necessary fluidity for the mixing operation of such asphalt of low penetration ln'the prior processes, it is necessary to add a substantial amount of a volatile oil, called a liquefier, which temporarily renders the asphalt suflicientlv fluid to cause it to flow over and cover the individual pieces of aggrogate and to enable one to stir the mixture in a mixing apparatus or pug mill. Moreover, if such binding material were applied to hot aggregate, the. volatile liquefier would be driven off, and, upon cooling, the mass would form a solid agglomerate.

In the practice of this invention, our new synthetic asphalt, at the beginning, has a penetration index or characteristic of 300 or more and at a temperature of 200 F. or a little higher (preferably about 250 F.) it is sufliciently fluid to be worked with facility in a pug mill or mixer with aggregate, and it flows over, covers and adheres firmly to the aggregate. The heating of the stone or aggregate to the same temperature shortens the time required to coat said aggregate to about one minute and facilitates the complete distribution of this coating over the individual pieces of aggregate but after the aggregate has been coated and allowed to cool, the mass does not agglomerate. The pieces still remain individual pieces and the mass is easily shoveled and raked, when cold, prior to compaction.

Although for the purposes of emphasizing the fact that in several important characteristics'the new composition, produced by the practice of this invention, resembles and parallels the natural asphalts, (for which reason the material has herein been termed synthetic asphalt), it is to be clearly understood this new material is not asphalt and that it differs from asphalt in certain physical particulars, above mentioned, and especially with respect to its high penetration, and its adaptability for use in hot mmeral matter without setting up into a rigid agglomerate, when cold. Although for the purposes of mixing the natural asphalt with the stone it would be highly desirableto use a 300 penetration asphalt, but that cannot be done, in practicing the prior processes, because the binder in the finished pavement would be too soft, plastic and yielding and without enough adhesion to the aggregate, or enough cohesion between, the contiguous pieces of aggregate for the production of a rm pavement. The synthetic asphalt forming the subject-matter of this invention is used at said high penetration and is not open to the objections present in the prior processes. it has a penetration of 300 or more at 77 l and when mixed with aggregate and placed cold on the roadway it firmly holds the aggregate in place in the pavement after compaction.

While for the purpose of this invention it is desired to avoid the practice of adding asphalt to the fuel oil in order to decrease the cost of making the new binding material and to utilize as much of the relatively cheap fuel oil as possible, it will be understood that the asphaltic content of the fuel oil herein claimed may be increased'to substantially any amount by adding more bitumen thereto if conditions warrant the increased cost of making it.

Although we have instanced aluminum oleate and aluminum stearate as metallic salts of the fatty acids, which are used in the practice of this invention, it is further to be understood that the use of other insoluble fatty-acid salts of the heavy metals, such as the stearates or oleates of zinc, iron and similar heavy metals and in similar small proportions, is fully within the aim and purview of the present invention.

The penetrations referred to herein above are those determined by the use of a Dow penetrometer and indicates the hundredths of a centimeter which a standard needle penetrates the substance under a load of 100 grams %IJ.P%S8d for five seconds at a temperature of Having thus described our invention, what we claim and desire to protect by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. The method of making a concentrate paving material which consists in heating substantially 100 parts by weight of a fuel oil containing asphalt to a temperature of substantially 220 F., thoroughly mixing therewith from substantially 5 to substantially 10 parts by weight of a metallic salt of one of the higher fatt acids therewith by thoroughly mixing sai salt with a portion of said hot oil, and then adding the mixture so made to the balance of said hot oil, then allowin the said mixture to cool to a tem rature o substantially 120 F. and then adding from substantially 120 parts to substantially 140 parts by weight of sulphur and thoroughly agitating the mixture until the ingredients added to the oil are thoroughly and evenly distributed throughout said oil.

2. The method of making a paving material which consists in heating substantially 100 parts by weight of fuel oil containing asphalt to a temperature of substantially 220 F., thoroughly mixing therewith from 5 to 10 parts by weight of a metallic salt of one of the higher fatty acids then permittinghaid mixture to cool to a temperature of substantially 120 F. then adding thereto sulphur from 120 to 140 parts by weight and agitating the mixture to smoothness, then adding said mixture to 900 to 1200 parts of fuel oil, also containing asphalt, heating the mixture so formed to a. temperature of substantially 460 F. and maintaining the said mixture at that temperature for substantially an hour, and then applying said material to a mineral aggregate and thoroughly agitating said mix,- ture until the separate pieces of aggregate are thoroughly coated with said material, the weight of said material so added to said aggregate being substantially from 5% to 8% of the weight of said aggregate.

3. The method of making a paving material which consists in heating substantially 100 parts by weight of fuel oil containing asphalt to a temperature of substantially 220 F., thoroughly mixing therewith from 5 to 10 parts by weight of a metallic salt of one of the higher fatty acids, then permitting said mixture to cool to a temperature of substantially 120 F. then adding thereto sulphur from 120 to 140 parts by weight and agitating the mixture to smoothness, then adding said mixture to 900 to 1200 parts of fuel oil, also containing asphalt, heating the mixture so formed to a temperature of substantially 460 F. and maintaining the said mixture at that temperature for substantially an hour, and then applying said material to a mineral agglregate heated to a temperature of substantia y 250 F. and thoroughly agitating said mixture until the separate pieces of aggregate are thoroughly coated with said material, the weight of;said material so added to said aggregate being substantially from 5% to 8% of the weight of said aggregate.

4. The method of'making a paving material which consists in heating substantially 100 parts by weight of fuel oil containing asphalt to a temperature of substantially 220 F., thoroughly mixing therewith from 5 to 10 parts by weight of a metallic salt of one of the higher fatty acids, then permitting said mixture to cool to a temperature of substantially 120 F., then adding thereto sulphur from 120 to 140 parts by weight and agitating the mixture to smoothness, then adding said mixture to 900 to 1200 parts of fuel oil, alsocontaining asphalt, heating the mixture so formed to a temperature of substantially 460 F. and maintaining the said mixture at that temperature for substantially A), an hour, and then applying said material to a mineral until the separate pieces of aggregate are 0 thoroughly coated with said material, the

' weight of said material so added to said aggregate being substantially from 5% to 8% of the weight of said aggregate, and adding to the mixture powdered limestone and sand, from substantially 5% to substantially 11% based on the weight of the aggregate shortly prior to the completion of the coating of said aggregate with said material.

5. The method of making a paving material which consists in heating substantially 100 parts by weight of fuel oil containing asphalt to a temperature of substantially 220 F .,'thoroughly mixing therewith from 5 to 10 parts by weight of a metallic salt of one of the higher fatty acids, then permitting said mixture to cool to a temperature of substantially 120 F., then adding thereto sulphur from 120 to 140 parts by weight and agltating the mixture to smoothness, then adding said mixture to 900 to 1200 parts of fuel oil, also containing asphalt, heating the mixture so formed to a temperature of substantially 460 F. and maintaining the said mixture at that temperature for substantially k an hour, and then applying said material to a mineral aggregate heated to a temperature of substantially 250 F., thoroughly agitating said mixture until the separate pieces of aggregate are thoroughly coated with said material, the weight of said material so added to said aggregate being substantially from 5% to 8% of the weight of said aggregate, and adding powdered limestone and sand, from substantially 5% to substantially 11% based on the weight of the aggregate shortly prior to the completion of the coating of said aggregate with said material.

6. The method of makin a paving mateq rial which consists in heating substantially 100-parts by weight of fuel oil having an asphaltic content of from 40% to 50% to a temperature of substantially 220 F., thoroughly mixing therewith from 5 to 10 parts by weight of a metallic salt of one of the higher fatty acids, then permitting said mixture to cool to a temperature of substantially 120 F., then adding thereto sulphur from 120 to 140 parts of weight and agitating the mixture to smoothness, then adding said mixture to 900 to 1200 parts of fuel oil, also having an asphalt content of from 40% to 50%, heating the mixture so formed to a temperature of substantially 460 F. and maintaining the said mixture at that temperature for substantially an hour, and then applying said material to a mineral aggregate heated to a temperature of substantially 250 R, thoroughly agitating said mixture gre ate being substantially from 5% to 8% f 516 weight of said aggregate, and adding from substantially 5% to substantially 11% by weight, based on the weight of the a gregate of powdered limestone and sand s ort 1y prior to the completion of the coating of sai aggregiate with said material.

7. The method of making a paving material which consists in treating fuel oil at a temperature of substantially 120 F. and preferably having an asphalt content of from 10% to 75% by adding thereto from substantially to 1% of a metallic salt of one of the higher fatty acids by mixing said salt withaportion of said oil heated to substantially 220 F., then adding the mixture so formed to the balance of said oil with agitation, then adding thereto and mixing therewith, with thorough a itation, sul hur in quantity from substantiafiy 2% to su stantially 7% of the weight of said oil, heating the said mixture to a temperature of substantially 460 F. for substantially an hour with agitation to thoroughly distribute said salt and said sulphur throughout said oil, then adding the mixture'to mineral aggregate with agitation to thoroughly coat the pieces of aggregate with the resulting mixture.

8. The method of making a paving material which consists in treating fuel oil at a temperature of substantially 120 F. and pre erably having an asphaltic content of from 40% to 50% by adding thereto from substantially to 1% of a metallic salt of one of the higher fatty acids by mixing said salt with a fraction oftsaid oil heated to substantially 220 F., then adding the mixture so formed to the balance of said oil with agitation, then adding thereto and mixing therewith, with thorough agitation, sulphur in uantity from substantially 2% to substantially 7% of the weight of said oil, heating the said mixture to a temperature of substantially 460 F. for substantially an hour with agitation to thoroughly distribute said salt and said sulphur throughout said oil, then adding the mixture to mineral aggregate heated to a temperature of substantially 250 F. with agitation to thoroughly coat the pieces of aggregate with the resulting mixture.

9. The method of makin a paving material which consists in treating Euel oil at a temperature of substantially 120 F.-and preferably containing more than 40% of asphaltum by adding thereto from substantially 4%v to 1% of a metallic salt of one of the higher fatty acids, then adding thereto and mixing therewith, with thorough agitation, sulphur in quantity from substantially 2% to substantially 7% of the weight of said oil, heating the said mixture to a temperature of substantially 460 F. for substantially an hour with agitation to thoroughly distribute said salt and said sulphur throughout said oil, then adding the mixture to mineral aggregate with agitation tothoroughly coat the pieces of aggregate with the oily mixture, and then adding finely divided limestone and sand, to increase the thickness of the coating, shortly prior to the completion of the coating of the pieces of aggregate.

10. The method of making a paving material which consists in adding from 5 to 10 parts by weight of aluminum oleate and from 100 to 140 parts by weight of sulphur to from 1000 to 1300 parts by weight of fuel oil containing more than 10% of asphalt, then heating the mixture so formed and maintaining it at a temperature of substantially 460 F.

for substantially an hour, then adding from 100 to 140 parts of the material so formed to substantially 2000 parts by weight of mineral aggregate and thoroughly mixing said material and said aggregate together to coat the individual pieces of said aggregate with said material.

11. The method of making a paving material which consists in adding from 5 to 10 parts by Weight of aluminum oleate and from 1 100 to 140 parts by weight of sulphur to from 1000 to 1300 parts by weight of fuel oil containing more than 10% of asphalt, then heating the mixture so formed and maintaining it at a temperature of substantially 460 F. for substantially hour, then adding from 100 to 140 parts of the material so formed to substantially 2000 parts byweight of mineral aggregate heated to a temperature ,of substantially 250 F, thoroughly mixing said material and said aggregate together to coat the individual pieces of said aggregate with said material, and adding from 100 to 200 parts of ground limestone and sand shortly prior to the completion of the coating of said aggregate with said material.

12. The method of making a material for binding the aggregate of a pavement, which consists in mixing and distributing sulphur and a metallic salt of one of the higher fatty acids into and evenly throughout fuel oil, the proportions of saidingredients by weight, based on the quantity of oil, being of sulphur from substantially 2% to substantially 7 and of said salt from A to 1% substantially, and heating said mixture to a temperature of substantially 460 F.

13. The method of making a material for binding the aggregate of a pavement, which consists in mixing and distributing sul hur and a metallic salt of one of the higher atty acids into and evenly throughout a substantial quantity of a fuel oil, having an asphaltic content of more than 10%, the proportions of said ingredients by weight, based on the quantity of oil, being of sulphur from substantially 2% to substantially 7%, and of said salt from substantially 4%, to substantially 1% and heating said mixture to a temperature of substantially 460 F.

14. The method of making a material for binding the aggregate of a pavement, which consists in mixing and distributing sulphur and a metallic salt of one of the higher fatty acids into and evenly throughout a substantial quantity of a fuel oil, having a substantial asphaltic content, the proportions of said ingredients by weight, based on the quantity of oil, being of sul hur from substantially 2% to substantially and of said salt from substantially 4% to substantially'1%, and heating said mixture to and maintainin it at a temperature of substantially 460 for substantially an hour. I

15. The method of making a material for binding aggregate in a pavement, which consists in adding to a fuel oil from substantially 4% .to substantially 1% of aluminum oleate and from substantially 2% to substantially 7% of sulphur and stirring said ingredients into said oil until said ingredients are uniformly distributed throughout said oil,

the percentages being based on the weight of the oil, and then heating said mixture to a temperature of substantially 460 F.

16. The method of making a material for binding mineral aggregate in a pavement, which consists in treating a fuel oil at a temperature of substantially 120 F. and having a substantial asphaltic content, by adding thereto from 4% to 1% substantially of a metallic salt of one of the higher fatty acids, by mixing said salt with a portion of said oil, heated to substantially 220 F. and adding the mixture when smooth to the balance of said oil with agitation, then adding thereto and mixing therewith with tho ough agitation, from substantially 2% to su stantially 7%, of sulphur, said proportions being based on the weight of the oil, and then heating said mixture to substantially 460 F.

17. A binding material for pavements, containing as ingredients thereof an asphaltic fuel oil, from substantially 98 tosubstantial- 1y 93 parts, sulphur from substantially 2 parts to substantially 7 parts and a metallic salt of one of the higher fatty acids from proportions being by weight; and when heated comprising a substantially black, adhesive, water-resistant, viscous, ductile material having a penetration of 300 to. 500 at 77 F., and belng freely fluid at temperatures of from 200F. to 250 F.

18. The method of making a concentrate for dilution with a fuel oil for making a bituminous binder for the aggregate of a pavement, which consists in heating fuel oil of 1 part to 1 part substantially, the said i 100 parts by weight to a temperature substantially 220 F., adding thereto and thoroughl mixing therewith, a metallic salt of one o the higher fatty acids substantially 10 parts by weight, then substantially reducing the temperature of the said mixture to a temperature of substantially 122 F., and then adding thereto sulphur, 120 parts andthoroughly mixing the same therewith until the mixture is smooth and homogeneous.

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands this 12th day of November, 1929.

DONALD-MCK. HEPBURN. SAMUEL S. SADTLER. EUGENE F. OAYO. 

